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Hundreds of tiny, orange-speckled pygmy zebra octopuses, each no bigger than a grain of rice, have safely hatched out in the MBL91�������יs Marine Resources Center. And Bret Grasse, Manager of Cephalopod Operations, couldn91�������יt be more proud.

91�������לIt91�������יs very exciting for us. Other scientists have successfully mated this species before, but nobody had achieved multigenerational culture until this,91�������ם Grasse said.

The MBL is interested in the pygmy zebra octopus as a contender for basic research on the cephalopods (octopus, squid, and cuttlefish). The cephalopods91�������י agile behavior, complex nervous system, skill at camouflage and regeneration, and other traits mark them as uniquely advanced, if very strange invertebrates indeed (see sidebar).

Two pygmy zebra octopuses mating.
Credit: Bret Grasse

91�������לOctopus breeding is not an easy feat. It takes a lot of attention to detail, and we are literally writing the book as we go,91�������ם Grasse said.91�������ם It91�������יs really a testament to our team that second-generation pygmy zebra octopuses have been born in the lab for the first time.91�������ם

Mating: First Do No Harm

The first challenge for Grasse was importing male and female pygmy zebra octopuses (Octopus chierchiae) from their habitat in Nicaragua. Last year, he managed to get four wild-caught specimens from a wholesaler in Los Angeles, 91�������לwho is the only person who has been able to get them into the country in the last several decades,91�������ם Grasse said. Once the exotic octopuses arrived at MBL, the next hurdle was to coax them to mate.

91�������לOctopuses tend to be cannibalistic or, at the very least, aggressive toward one another. So just getting successful mating events without any sort of harm to the animals is difficult,91�������ם Grasse said.

91�������לWe kept the pygmy zebra octopuses well fed so they weren91�������יt hungry during the mating trials,91�������ם Grasse continued. 91�������לOnce together, we read their body language and if there were any negative interactions, we stopped the trial. If mating occurred and we believed the spermatozoa had been successfully passed, we separated them right away. We put the female in a nice, dark habitat and left her alone, so she didn91�������יt feel threatened. Providing her with a laying refuge to encourage oviposition, or egg-laying, is important.91�������ם

Just over a week later, the team saw a clutch of tiny, pearl-white eggs appear. 91�������לWe were really excited but we weren91�������יt sure if they were fertilized,91�������ם Grasse said. They carefully tracked the eggs91�������י development using a microscope and later, a flashlight. After a few weeks they saw eye spots inside the eggs, 91�������לone of the first noticeable features that proves the embryo is viable. That was our big Eureka moment!91�������ם Grasse said.

After those first-generation embryos hatched, Grasse91�������יs team cultured some of them to sexual maturity (about 4 months). They then mated those octopuses to create second- generation embryos. Those, too, hatched out just this week.

Closing the Life Cycle and Beyond

Breeding multiple generations in the lab (called 91�������לclosing the life cycle91�������ם) is critical in biology, as it allows researchers to study gene function and mutational effects from one generation to the next.

Yet crossing this major hurdle with the pygmy zebra octopus, Grasse says jokingly, 91�������לWas the easy part!91�������ם Given their aggressiveness, each hatched octopus needs a separate tank with a hiding spot and good water quality and flow. And the tanks must be secure, 91�������לso we don91�������יt have octopuses escaping and running around,91�������ם Grasse said.

91�������לAnd there are a lot of little, hungry mouths to feed on a day-to-day basis,91�������ם he said. Grasse and Taylor Sakmar, MBL Senior Cephalopod Culture Specialist, have trained a team of interns from Northeastern University91�������יs co-op program to care for the species. 91�������לThey have been a huge benefit,91�������ם Grasse said.

Grasse previously worked at Monterey Bay Aquarium, where he and others closed the life cycle on the flamboyant cuttlefish (Metasepia pfefferi) and the striped pyjama squid (Sepioloidea lineolata) for the first time. Those accomplishments attracted the attention of MBL leadership, which hired Grasse and his colleague Sakmar in 2017.

91�������לClosing the life cycle of any cephalopod is no easy task,91�������ם Grasse said. 91�������לIt takes a lot of effort and a lot of eyes on the animals. Having a great team is key! We are always reevaluating current practices, so we continue to improve as we learn more about the species. But collectively, we91�������יve reached that moment where we are breeding them consistently. We91�������יre confident we can do it with very high survivorship of the offspring.91�������ם

Homepage photo:

A pygmy zebra octopus hatchling clings to the side of the tank. Notice how small it is compared to the salt crystals on the glass. Credit: Taylor Sakmar

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The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is dedicated to scientific discovery 91�������ד exploring fundamental biology, understanding marine biodiversity and the environment, and informing the human condition through research and education. Founded in Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1888, the MBL is a private, nonprofit institution and an affiliate of the